The Influence of Diesel Fuel Production on Macroeconomic

a. Atmospheric distillate. In the atmosphericalal distillation unit, b inuncting off first atomic number 18 terminate gas, clear up naphtha, or straight-run gasoline. These fractions atomic number 18 used as crusader feed-stocks, isomerization feed-stocks, gasoline amalgamate stocks, petrochemical feed-stocks, solvents, and liquefied petroleum gases. stewing off next are gas unprocessed oil color, heavy naphtha, and distillates. These fractions are used to father kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, jet fuel, blending stocks, and catalytic cracker feed-stocks. At higher boiling points, the "bottoms" of atmospheric distillation are produced, such as No. 6 fuel oil, occasionally asphalt feed-stock, and feed for vacuum distillation to recover wax distillates for cracking or lube feed-stocks.

b. vacuum cleaner distillation. In the vacuum distillation unit, heated atmospheric bottoms from the blunt oil distillation unit are used as feed-stock. At the reduced pressure in a vacuum, the oil drying upizes at a lower temperature, allowing distillation to occur with a minimum of high-temperature cracking. The products produced by the vacuum tower include light vacuum gas oil, heavy vacuum gas oil, and bottoms (or residuum). These products lowlife be further processed depending upon the products wanted. The vacuum gas oil may be sent to the catalytic cracker to produce gasoline blending stocks, to fuel oil blending, or it may be recovered for use as lube oil feed-stocks. The vacuum bottoms may be used a

(1) Alkylation. This process produces one of the highest-quality components of gasoline. The final product, alkylate, has excellent antiknocking and low emission properties and excellent performance ratings. Environmentally, this process is problematical, as the alkylation process uses a catalyst, either hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid. Use of hydrofluoric acid is highly controversial because it is lethal and because it is heavier than air, so that in case of a leak, it would drift along the domain and kill, as occurred in Bhopal, India.

4. Blending. Blending is the last step in the refinery operation. Most petroleum products are a blend of hydrocarbon fractions or components produced by various refining processes.

Motor gasoline is a blend of various gasoline blending stocks, including butane, reformate, alkylate, straight-run naphtha, thermally and catalytically cracked gasoline, oxygenates (such as MTBE and ethanol), and necessary additives. The vast number of lubricating oils are blends of a relatively small number of refined group stocks plus additives to impart specific properties to most crankcase and specialty lubricants. In some cases, these additives can amount to more than 20 percentage of the finished lubricant. The mixing of the components is normally accomplished by alter in-line blending. Gasoline and diesel fuel blending components are ply into a system of proportional metering pumps and control valves to the gasoline head word pipe. Proportions are precisely controlled by automation. The components are mixed by the flow turbulence in the header and sent to a series of onstream analyzers, which continually monitor the product for octane number and vapor pressure. These monitors automatically control the metering systems to ensure proper proportions of each component. In California, the base crude that diesel is refined from for use in the state comes from Alaska (Robertson 58). The sulfur content is higher than imported crude that has
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