Micro and Macro Theories in Political Science essay

Countries exist to interact with other nations and states from the international arena. Thus, no country or region is an island unto itself. Due to this, isolation from international activities becomes really impossible. In the course of interaction nations tries to gain advantage more than other countries, and this has been the basis of conflict and disagreement. Sometimes, if this is not properly handled it'll lead to war.

Scholars from numerous academic

disciplines have posited many causes of war. Thus , the very good debate more than why war occurs has been approached from various dimension. For ones historians, scholars as being a .J. Taylor famously described wars as getting like targeted traffic accidents. But this approach has been criticized within the view that some leaders of states make conscious decision in embarking in war and that is not accidental For ones Psychologist , human beings , specially men are inherently violent. This violence displacement exactly where a person transfers their grievances into bias and hatred against other ethnic groups, countries, or ideologies (Wikibooks : 2005). Other psychologists argue that the mental unbalanced nation of men who rule and manage a region, combine with their human temperament has been the basis in the occurrence of war. This school argues leaders that seek war for example Napoleon Hitler, and Stalin had been mentally abnormal diagnostic tests system, for instance election, could prevent these sorts from coming to power, war would end (ibid). The Anthropologists see the occurrence of war as being a fundamentally cultural, learnt by nurture rather than nature. The Sociologists have Plethora of perspective in seeing the occurrence of war. Some see war as the product or service of domestic problems, with only the target of aggression being determined by international realities. Others that differ during the conventional procedure argue that it's the choice of statesmen as well as the geopolitical situation that leads to war. The Economist argues war is also seen as an outgrowth of economic competition inside a chaotic and competitive international system.

Having looked at the various and divergent viewpoint from which these scholars from different discipline has posited as the bring about of war , this write up have a tendency to consider the political aspect of why war happens. Because of this, numerous theories within the political science field would be employed to enumerate the reason behind the occurrence of war.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Political science has been described as being a hospitable umbrella for numerous disciplines all connected somehow with the operations of government or men and women acting in relation to government.

According to Alfred Cobban , as quoted in Oyediran (1998 :3), Political Science is a devise invented by university teachers for avoiding that dangerous subject politics with out achieving Science.

Thus , political science is that social science discipline that seek to learn federal government and how politics that has to complete in the use of power rule and authority in any human relationship is being conducted. The study of political science, the normative and also the certain procedure is adopted while scholars, for instance Plato and Aristotle sought to identify the characteristics of politics, their causes and outcomes leaving aside moral judgements about their goodness or badness Consequently, it is observed that modern-day political scientists adopt a positive theory to problems that pertain towards field of learn, hence 'what need to be (Robert Dahl cited by Gerring , 2005 :2).

THEORY: Theory is defined as abstraction inside the actual globe in to give explanation to phenomenon . Thus, theories give explanation towards relationship that exists among variables. Theories are tested hypotheses that are usually accepted it is utilized through identified info to give an explanation on the unknown.

WAR : War can also be defined as conflict that arises from disagreement, which result into military combat and also the end effects that's destruction of lives and properties.

War can be classified into civil wars and foreign wars. Civil wars , are people wars that arrive inside a country or a state because of the emergence of factions that are loyal to an known group. A frequent illustration of civil war in modern day time will be the civil war in Liberia from the 1990s, among late Samuel Deo faction and Charles Taylor faction Another typical instance of civil war may be the 1967 to 1970 civil war in Nigeria, among the Federal troop and the Biafra faction that seek to secede inside the Nigeria Federation.

Foreign war is war that involves combat among or among sovereign region or states. Example of that is World War 1 and Globe War II.

In recent times the war among Iraq and Kuwait, and the US Allied Forces inside the 1990s

Another version of war in modern-day political world may be the cold war that had existed following the world war associated on the bipolar bloc i .e . the eastern bloc and the western bloc. This cold war is unlike the true combat war where physical and military combat is carried out, but it has to complete with war in international arena, that pertains to foreign policies and international pacts and agreement, that have a tendency being contended for.

This cold war has produced several nations to help either on the two factions. But, some nations, like in Africa adopt another stand the Non Aligned Movement is pursued as the foreign policies in these black country. The cold war suddenly collapse in 1989, this brought an end to the bipolar structure on the international system.

POLITICAL THEORIES Over a OCCURRENCE OF WAR

Political theories on the emergence of country can also be used to explain the occurrence of war. Right here, the Hobbessian theory of nation as well as the force theory are readily applicable to why region engage in war.

The Hobbissian theory postulated by Thomas Hobbes, explain the human nation of existence in what he referred to as the nation of nature. Based on him, nature has produced man so equal in faculties on the entire body and mind and although there be found 1 man sometimes manifestly stronger in physique or of quicker mind than one more is not substantial as that a single man can claim to himself any benefit to which one more may possibly not possess along with he (Hobbes, 1946). The equality of man the following approaches they have a tendency to nurse the exact same aspirations and wants, ends as well as the exact same hope. But the uniformity of aspiration tend being evoke problem mainly because the resources e .g . power, political influence, is a scarce resource that will not go round every physique. Thus , it grow to be problematic when two individuals desire the exact same point, which they can not both invest in , they are almost certainly to be enemies and often will seek to destroy a single another. In applying this scenario to sovereign states, the scarce resources that every country seeks to have for itself, this brings about competition and invariably bring about the emergence of war, if such competition gets towards extreme and also the level of tolerance becomes unbearable. In accordance with Ighadola (2000 : 12) human competitiveness for status symbols are always characterized by fighting where this happens outside the preview of any settled and civilized land, the picture from the region of nature ' comes on the fore boldly.

The country of nature as stipulated by Thomas Hobbes, could be the time once men lived with no a well-known power to preserve them in verify i.e. each man is a government and law unto himself , there's no formal contract to the establishment of land and government. In land of nature , war of each man against every man was the perceptual condition of human relations Thus, man is brutal and exhibited a hostile tendency towards the those close to him. It's also argued that, War, as Hobbes utilized the thought did not necessarily denote genuine fighting, rather it meant the disposition to fight (ibid) Man during the nation of nature did not engage in perpetual warfare, he was only perpetually inclined to fight to acquire what he desired and to protect what he already possessed. The inclination in man being aggressive in competition and fight is moderated by the fear of death. Thus, the disposition to fight to is additional heightened by the absence of centralized authority. From the international political arena ahead of the emergence of international corporation like the United Nation , the broke out of World War I and the emergence of World War II, is because of absence of the powerful centralized International authority. The League of Nations collapsed due to the Second World War. This led towards the emergence in the United Nations that is certainly acting as being a centralized authority inside international arena, in preventing the outbreak of conflicts between nations or states.

Another angle of the Hobbessains theory sees Man 's selfishness and self- seeking nature ensures , with out a superior restraining force, the condition with the state of nature that would remain permanent. This effects in a threat towards the condusive actualization of human potentials and insecurity. In applying this towards emergence of wars among nations it is observed that the selfishness and self-seeking nature of some nation has prompted them into encroaching into the rightful possession of other nation. In to defend their possession, these other region would recourse to protect itself by engaging in war. Most times, this has been the base of war among nations.

Thus , Hobbes has proffered a centralized authority that may be imposed in a single person as a merchandise to avert this land of nature, so as to prevent the brutish and aggressive nature in man, and thus, reducing the outbreak of war.

Critics have pointed out that Hobbes advocacy of absolute power puts a hole in his argument. The central authority or sovereign should operate the law made , pretty and equitably among the persons not absolute authority in a single man . Thus , central power is advocated that is democratic, in location in the sovereign ruler of Hobbes. That is simply because the sovereign ruler is taken from society and has its unique selfish desire, that can bring about autocratic rule, i.e, he cannot be outside society and consequently can't be around the law (ibid :15).

Another political theory that can be use to advocate for ones emergence of war stands out as the Marxist theory. Karl Marx theory concentrates both on political and economic perspective from the nation. In his view, the society is divided into a couple of main classes, i .e. the bourgeoisie as well as the proletariats, and this has usually been the driving force behind conflict in society and its attendant social change.

Marxist theory of war argues that all war grows out of the class war. It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the ruling class and divide the proletariat on the world by pitting them against every other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion ( Wikibooks 2005).

Marx and Engels posited during the German ideology that with all the mischief 's contradictions and crisis inherent inside the capitalist mode of production, the proletariat bears the entire burden with out enjoying its benefits, they turn out to be isolated from society. Obtaining been driven on the wall, they're forced to the most decided antagonism towards the other class simply because an alienated man is often a revolutionary man Marx, et al 1977. Hence , Karl Marx see wars as being a natural outgro9wth of the free industry and class program, and do not disappear until a world revolution occurs . Based on Ighodalo (2000 :20), the expectation of Marx is that the destruction in the capitalist system would cause the end of class antagonism, due to the fact the basis of it house ownership would had been eliminated thereby making a classless society in which all give according to his / her potential and receive based on his/her needs.

Another theory with the evolution of nation that may be applied for the reason why war happens will be the Force theory. This school of concept holds how the region is really a creation of conquest and coercion in the weak by the powerful . The nation was seen as evil as it was a way of oppressing the poor. Nevertheless , German of the 19th century, contended that force was an essential attribute of a land (Oyediran, 1998 :19). The Force theory can incredibly be adduce as a basis why war emerge among nation. Countries that are strong and have mighty military force had within the past annexed weak countries to themselves. They succeeded in making this by embarking on war with them. In 1939, Finland 's decision to resist the invasions and annexation aggression of Soviet led to the Winter War. Although cases of invasion and annexations that did not cause a war abound such as the U.S. led invasion of Haiti in 1994 the Nazi invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia preceding the Second Globe War, as well as the annexation with the Baltic States by the Soviet Union in 1940.

CONCLUSION

The different Political Theorist has directed their argument on the reason why war happens, although not inside exact same tone and direction the simple fact that the selfish interest and self- searching for nature of man and federal government, has been identified like a major reason why war has been a recurrent thing inside the international arena. Even internally, exactly where civil war occurs inside boundary of the country this has retained the exact same causal point. The simple fact is traceable down line immemorial of historical war in between nations.

Furthermore, the scarce resource, for example power has been a basis to your eruption of conflicts among countries, simply because these resource can't go round, it tend to become conflictual.

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